Category: King Charles II

The Royal History of the Hudson's Bay Company

10/31/2020

Hudson's Bay Company Coat of Arms Photo Credit: Qyd

The fur trade was a vital industry
in Canada almost from the time
the first settlers arrived with first
the French and then the English
competing for the finest pelts. A
major player in this industry was
the Hudson's Bay Company. And
while its operations are much
reduced these days it bears the
distinction of having outlived all
of its rivals. But if a certain prince
had not seen the potential of the north-western corner of
North America it might not have ever got off the ground in the
first place.

Two Adventurers walk into the bush...

Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers were
typical examples of the entrepreneurial French traders,
known as coureurs de bois, who plied the rivers of New
France in search of furs. Possessing an independent streak
and the good sense to listen to their First Nation trading
partners.

Sketch of Pierre-Esprit Radisson

From the Cree the two men would
learn that the best fur country lay
north and west of Lake Superior.
The men sought permission to set
up a trading post on the coast of
Hudson's Bay to reduce the cost
of trading for the valuable furs.
The governor (Marquis d'Argenson)
perhaps fearing the fur trade would
shift away from the St. Lawrence
River, refused to give the men
permission to scout the area.
They went there anyways.

They left in 1659 and returned a year later with a load of
premium furs proving the value of the territory. For their
trouble they were arrested for trading without a licence, fined,
and had their furs confiscated. Both men were soon to seek
more appreciative business partners.

English Gold is as good as French Gold

Heading down to Boston the men were able to arrange
funding for an exploratory expedition in 1663. Unfortunately,
sea ice prevented the ship from reaching the bay. English
commissioner Colonel George Cartwright was stationed in
Boston and learned about the expedition. He arranged for
Radisson and Groseilliers to go to England to raise financing.
They arrived during the Great Plague of London.

Prince Rupert Invests

Despite a series of set-backs and plain bad luck the two men's
determination was about to be rewarded. After receiving an
audience with Prince Rupert, he sponsors the two men (with
an initial investment of £270) and introduces them to his
cousin, King Charles II.

Prince Rupert

In 1668 a new expedition was ready
with two ships, Eaglet and Nonsuch,
acquired for the purpose. The Eaglet
was forced to turn back off the coast
of Ireland (with Radisson on board).
The Nonsuch (with Groseilliers) made
it to James Bay (the southern section
of Hudson's Bay) and established
Charles Fort beside the Rupert River.
After a successful winter trading for
furs the ship returned in 1669. The
cargo of furs was worth £1,233. Thus
proven that the fur trade around the Hudson's Bay was going
to be profitable a more formal arrangement was quick to be
established.

One Company to Rule Them All

A royal charter granted on May 2nd, 1670 by King Charles II
established The Governor and Company of Adventurers of
England Trading into Hudson's Bay (they got somewhat
better at naming things later on). Prince Rupert would serve
as the company's first governor (1670-82). The company was
granted a monopoly on the fur trade along all rivers draining
into Hudson's Bay.

Prince Rupert died in November of 1682 while still serving as
the company's governor. The company would gain a second
governor of royal blood in the new year with James Stuart,
Duke of York being appointed. He would resign in 1685 when
he became King James II.

The monopoly would last 200 years. Unlike other such
enterprises the Hudson's Bay managed to successfully
transition to being a retail operation in the 1800s as its
monopolies and territories were ceded to the fledgling
Dominion of Canada.

Rent

Rent Ceremony, 1939

Under the terms of the royal
charter establishing the
company a rent of "two Elks
and two Black beavers" was
to be paid yearly to the king or
his heirs whenever they were
in the company's territories.
This is interesting as at the
time neither the king nor his
heirs had ever been to the
Hudson's Bay but seemed to
think it might happen one
day. As it happens this rent
has been paid four times in the company's long history (being
either in pelts or live animals). The rent was collected on the
following occasions:

1927 - Edward, Prince of Wales
1939 - King George VI
1959 - Queen Elizabeth II
1970 - Queen Elizabeth II

The rent was collected in areas around Winnipeg in public
ceremonies. In 1970 the charter was amended and the rent
requirement removed.

Loyally Yours,
A Kisaragi Colour

Top 10 Royals Who Traveled Incognito

8/2/2017

Our mental image of monarchs tends to be that of a high-
profile individual or someone at the center of attention. While
throughout history this has been the norm for various reasons
monarchs have on occasion traveled incognito among their
subjects. These reasons ranged from security, to fact-finding
missions, to idle amusement. And since these excursions were
meant to be secret it can be difficult sometimes to tell which
stories are true and which are merely myth. Monarchs would
also sometimes use an alias not so much as a disguise but as a
'polite fiction' to avoid forcing the host to perform all the
grand state welcome ceremonies they would have to for a high
status guest. While equally interesting these cases have been
left for a later post. So without further delay let us go through
this list (in no particular order) of the top 10 royals who
traveled incognito.

Kangxi Emperor

10. Kangxi & Qianlong
Emperors of China

The Kangxi Emperor was in many ways
one of China's most effective emperors.
Reigning from 1661 to 1722 he would
establish an extended period of stability,
cultural development, and wealth after
years of war and chaos. Less known is
that he also disguised himself as a Han
Chinese merchant on at least one
occasion.

As the story goes the Kangxi Emperor decided to test the
guards assigned to the Great Wall to see if they would let him
into Manchuria (which the Han Chinese were banned from
entering). After several attempts to persuade and bribe the
guards they hit him and shooed him away. Impressed, the
Kangxi Emperor revealed his true identity as he wished to
reward the diligent guards. Unfortunately, the guards were so
horrified that they had unwittingly struck their emperor that
they committed suicide.

The Kangxi Emperor's grandson (the Qianlong Emperor)
would continue the family tradition. Disguised as commoners
him and some servants would slip out of the palace to
discover what the people truly thought of their rulers and
what their concerns were. On one such occasion the disguised
Qianlong Emperor served tea to one of those with him. One
would be expected to kowtow after receiving such an honour
from the emperor. It would also completely blow their cover.
Thinking fast the servant tapped his knuckle on the table with
the middle knuckle slightly extended to represent the head
and shoulders of a person performing the kowtow. This 'finger
kowtow' remains a feature of Chinese Tea Culture to this day.

9. King Charles XI
of Sweden

King Charles XI ruled Sweden
from 1660 to 1697. Charles XI
restored Sweden's finances,
established royal absolutism,
and restructured the military
during his reign. Charles XI
also travelled through his realm extensively and this is likely
what led to the legend of the Gråkappan, The Grey Cloak.

It is said that King Charles XI would wear a grey cloak to hide
his royal uniform as he investigated whether local officials
were corrupt and oppressing the people. If evidence of guilt
was found he would throw off the cloak in a dramatic fashion
revealing his true identity.

It is interesting to note that in the old Norse mythology the
god Odin would sometimes put on a similar act. It is possible
the king gained inspiration for the idea from the myth. It is
also possible, due to the lack of hard evidence of King Charles
XI actually travelling as the Gråkappan, that the Odin myth
became attached to the king for whatever reason. If this all
sounds somewhat familiar that may be because J.R.R Tolkien
based Gandalf partly on the myths of Odin travelling
incognito.

Gold coin from the Sultan's reign

8. Sultan Alauddin
Riayat Shah of Malacca

The monarchs I have discussed so
far took at least some risks in
going under cover. But the
monarch I'm about to talk about was probably safer under
cover than in his own court. Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah
ruled Malacca from 1477-1488. He faced challenges from his
brother who believed he should be sultan, his two wives who
each fought to have their own sons named heir, and the
Mamak people who were growing in power in relation to the
Malays.

Despite this the sultan would sometimes go out secretly at
night to check on the well-being of his people. On one such
occasion he even chased after a thief himself. Sultan Alauddin
Riayat Shah had a reputation as a just and fair ruler which
perhaps inspired these secret inspections or perhaps were a
result of them.

Sadly, he is also reported to have died under suspicious
circumstances. It is rumoured that his brother, second wife,
son, brother-in-law, and a couple others all had a hand in his
death. Perhaps he was safer inspecting the streets at night
after all.

7. King Louis XVI of
France

Not all cases of monarchs travelling
incognito were successful. This is
especially true if a monarch was not
used to it. No one believed for a
minute that Peter the Great was
just an ordinary guy and Richard
the Lionhearted of England only
made it half way across Europe
before being recognized. But no
failure at travelling incognito had
such a profound effect on history as when an indecisive King
Louis XVI of France had to try his hand at it.

The French Revolution had several stages with each new stage
being more radical than the last. The king was slowly
becoming a prisoner of the revolution. This was especially
true after he was forcibly moved from the Palace of Versailles
to the Tuileries Palace in Paris. The king had become
increasingly indecisive to the point of paralysis. This left his
queen, Marie Antoinette, to make important decisions on his
behalf.

The escape plan itself was simple enough. At Montmédy
General François Claude de Bouillé had built up a sizable
force loyal to the king. If he could make it there he would have
more room to maneuver politically. To this end the king,
disguised as a valet, and queen, disguised as a governess,
along with the entire immediate royal family joined in on the
flight from Paris at midnight of June 21st, 1791.

Problems developed almost immediately. The king did not
wish for the royal family to travel seperately and thus they
used a large, conspicuous, slow-moving coach pulled by six
horses rather than two smaller, and quicker, coaches. A
postmaster of Sainte-Menehould named Jean-Baptiste Drouet
recognized the king apparently from his portrait on a French
coin. The group were captured in Varennes, only 31 miles
from their goal.

The flight from Paris had been intended to restore royal
authority but its failure destroyed support for king and
monarchy in the capital and hastened the kings journey to the
guillotine.

Photo Credit: Reginald Davis/Rex

6. King Juan Carlos I
of Spain

King Juan Carlos I has had an
interesting life. Born in exile
in Italy it initially looked like
he would never be king. But
when Franco restored the
Spanish Monarchy it looked instead like he would have to play
the role of figurehead to whatever strongman succeeded the
dictator. And when Franco named Juan Carlos I as his
successor it looked likely that the young king would continue
the strongman's policies (itself a form of political incognito).
And when the king instead led his country's democratization
it looked like it would all be undone by a military coup. Juan
Carlos I overcame that challenge too. He was crafty and he
survived. He even had time to help out a stranded biker or
two.

King Juan Carlos I has a passion for motorbikes. Moreover,
he likes to ride his bikes while incognito. Admittedly this is
rather easy with the typical motorbike helmet. His frequent
outings has produced stories (or urban legends) of bikers
stranded on lonely back roads being brought canisters of
petrol by their king.

5. King Charles II of
England

As King Louis XVI's example above
shows, monarchs sometimes used
disguises in times of very real peril.
It was the same for King Charles II.
After losing the Battle of Worcester
to the Parliamentarians under
Cromwell in 1651 Charles became a
wanted man. For six weeks the
king made his way across England
on his way to relative safety in Europe. Charles had problems:
at 6'2" tall he literally stood out in a crowd, his clothes were
obviously upper class, and his accent was out of place. Luckily
Charles still had allies. The Catholics especially helped him
move from place to place in secret. Arriving at the White
Ladies Priory in Shropshire he was met by George Pendrell
who disguised Charles as a woodsman giving him a leather
doublet, a pair of green breeches, a jump-coat, an old grey
greasy hat without a lining, and a coarse linen noggen shirt.

Charles at this point still had a sizable group with him but it
was decided that from that point it would be safer to travel
almost alone. While still near the White Ladies Priory a
company of local militia stopped to check if anyone had seen
the fugitive. They were told the king had moved on sometime
before which the soldiers believed. George Pendrell and his
brother Richard taught Charles to speak with the local accent
and how to walk like a labourer.

Charles would later take on another disguise as a servant and
take the alias 'William Jackson'. The whole story reads like a
Hollywood thriller and by rights it should be made into one by
now. The six weeks the future Charles II spent on the run
would have a major effect on his outlook for the rest of his life.

4. King Matthias Corvinus
of Hungary

King Matthias Corvinus ruled
Hungary with great ability from 1458-
1490. So much so that his reign is
considered by some to be an
Hungarian golden age. His
accomplishments include: reforms to
the administration of justice, the
promotion of talented individuals
regardless of social standing,
patronage of art and science, and a generally successful
military career. He also weakened the power of the barons, a
perennial issue in Medieval Europe.

These accomplishments cost money which required greatly
increased taxation. The burden of this taxation fell largely on
the peasants. Still, while the peasants were none too happy
about this state of affairs it seems they at least appreciated the
greater access to justice. After his death "Dead is Matthias,
lost is justice" even became a popular saying.

Like many kings with great accomplishments myths and
legends abound regarding King Matthias Corvinus. It is said
that he traveled among his people in secret to sound out
public opinion. Several notable folktales have the king
undertaking great risks while in disguise.

One such tale states that during a campaign against the Turks
he visited the enemy's came with a single companion, both
disguised as peasants. For the entire day Matthias sold food
outside the Turkish general's tent. In the evening he returned
to safety. He then wrote a letter to the general to tell him he
had explored the Turkish camp and naming the dishes he
served as proof. The general was greatly unnerved.

Another tale has the king entering Vienna while it was still
under siege to explore the city. While taking a rest the rumour
spread that Matthias was within the walls. The king showed
no sign of alarm and simply walked out of the city. The story
continues that when the Hungarians had taken the city they
set up a statue where he had sat and rested.

Perhaps it is not surprising that Matthias Corvinus is
regarded as one of the 'Sleeping Kings' who will return to
lead his people to new greatness.

Photo Credit: Eva Rinaldi

3. Prince Harry of the
United Kingdom

In Medieval times it was considered
desirable for the king and other
important persons to be easily
identifiable. This was because
captured royals and nobles could be
ransomed so it was best not to kill
them. Hiding amongst the masses of
infantry was a good way to get yourself
accidentally killed. The invention of
the firearm slowly changed this
system to the point a royal standing
out on the battlefield was a very, very bad thing.

So when Prince Harry was deployed to Afghanistan in 2007
care was taken to shield his identity. While modern combat
gear hides many identifying features it was also necessary to
hide where exactly the prince was serving. As such both the
British and Canadian authorities placed a media blackout on
Prince Harry's deployment information. This blackout was
not respected by a German newspaper and an Australian
magazine which lead to him being withdrawn from the front
lines. It was revealed later that while deployed he helped
Gurkha troops repel an attack from the Taliban in Helmand
Province.

Prince Harry would return to Afghanistan a few years later as
an Apache helicopter pilot. Since attack helicopters are always
priority targets it was determined Prince Harry's presence
would pose no additional danger to his comrades. Making this
an odd an example of 'anonymously standing out'.

2. Emperor Nero of
Rome

The reign of Emperor Nero is
sometimes read as a teenager with
too much power. This probably does
a disservice to the average teenager
but it is hard to deny Nero behaved
badly. Even if you discount the
pervasive bias his contemporaries
had for him he still cannot be seen in a wholly positive light. It
also makes separating truth from myth about Nero's own
incognito episodes hard to do.

As the story goes Emperor Nero (and friends) would go out
late at night to make catcalls at women and get into fistfights.
One such fistfight left the Emperor with a black eye and when
the man responsible found out what he had done he promptly
committed suicide.

Another story has Nero receiving a severe beating from a
senator for the mistreatment of his wife. The senator likely
knew who he actually was but pretended not to since Nero
would have to admit to what he was doing in order to punish
him. After his beating Nero is said to have had guards follow
him at a distance with orders to intervene if things got out of
hand.

Emperor Nero's late night escapades make more sense when
you consider that for much of his reign those around him
sought to control his actions. These late night trips being a
needed, but unhealthy, release.

1. Jesus, Christ the King

Going in the complete opposite
direction from Nero we have the final
monarch on this list: Jesus. While the
monarchs on this list have had a mix of
noble and ignoble reasons for going
incognito only one can lay claim to
wanting to save all of humanity.

Jesus consistently told those he healed
and his disciples not to tell people who
he really was (sometimes with limited
success). The reasons were twofold. 1.
It would attract crowds of people
seeking healing. While healing was a
part of his ministry it was secondary to
his preaching of the Kingdom of God.
Large crowds pressing around him
looking for healing but with little
interest in what he had to say would be
counter-productive and limit his ability to travel. After one
such crowd formed Jesus headed out by boat across the Sea of
Galilee. 2. His disciples were not ready yet. And given the
trials they would face in proclaiming his kingdom he needed
the private time to instruct and ready them for their future
task.

Concealing his identity also served another purpose: it
removed complicating factors. If the religious leaders had
come to believe he really was the awaited Messiah they would
not have sought his death. This is a problem as Jesus needed
to die. In this way keeping his identity secret was the easiest
means of accomplishing his mission.

The scripture also includes another instance of Jesus traveling
incognito. After his death and resurrection he appeared to two
of his followers as they were on their way to Emmaus. He
walked with them and discussed God's plan but prevented
them from recognizing him. In this instance Jesus seems to
have wanted to offer encouragement to his followers (who
may have begun to scatter after his execution).

This concludes my list of the Top 10 Royals Who Traveled
Incognito. Thanks for reading.

Loyally Yours,
A Kisaragi Colour

What is Oak Apple Day?

5/29/2016

King Charles II

Today is May 29th and as I have
recently learned that means today is
Oak Apple Day. This celebration is
little known today but in the 1600s it
was a big deal.

In 1660 the English monarchy was
restored with the return of King
Charles II. The English Parliament
declared that "to be for ever kept as a
day of thanksgiving for our
redemption from tyranny and the
King's return to his Government, he
entering London that day."

Oak Apple Day was celebrated as an official holiday until 1859
when the British Parliament abolished the celebration. I have
not been able to find the reason why they did so.

Image Credit: Philip Halling

The name of the day refers to the
oak tree Charles hid in while
evading capture by the
Roundheads. 'Oak Apples' are a
form of plant gall and it was
common practice to wear a sprig
of them for the occasion. The
holiday is still celebrated
sporadically in parts of England.

It is a pity that Oak Apple Day is no longer celebrated in an
official capacity. Redemption from the tyranny of a republic
is certainly something worth celebrating.

Loyally Yours,
A Kisaragi Colour

The Hanoverian Succession: 300 Years On

8/6/2014

Cross-posted from monarchistnb

A significant royal anniversary recently passed us by, and I did not want to let it go by completely unnoticed or without comment. I don’t find as much time to post on this blog as I might like to do, but this is an important milestone for our Monarchy.

The 1st of August 2014 marked the three hundredth anniversary of the death of Queen Anne of Great Britain, the last of the unfortunate Stewarts to reign over Scotland and England. The reigns of her predecessors, stretching back to her great-grandfather, James VI of Scotland and I of England, were often marred by ill relations with Parliament. Few others are more well-known for their dealings with the House of Commons than Anne’s grandfather, Charles I, whose head was among the many things rent asunder by Cromwell and his cronies. And James II, Anne’s unfortunate father, was driven from his kingdom for his Catholicism. James’ ‘abdication’ paved the way for the accession of his daughter and son-in-law, Mary and William, the champions of “The Protestant Succession”, and later his second daughter, Anne.

Charles II and James II

By the time of Queen Anne’s death, however, relations between Sovereign and Parliament were somewhat improved, but it was at the expense of the Royal Prerogatives and Powers. It would the next several Sovereigns who succeeded Queen Anne who completed the process of evolution towards Constitutional Monarchy in Britain and thus also in Canada.

Queen Anne was succeeded by Georg Ludwig, Elector of Hanover, who was a descendant of James I through his daughter Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, and who became King George I. Queen Anne had far less distant relations who could have become the next Sovereign (a wikipedia list gives a list of 55 individuals who had a better claim to the throne than Georg Ludwig at the time of the Queen’s death in 1714) but the Act of Settlement, 1701, barred them from the throne for their Catholicism. This discriminatory part of the British Constitution (and subsequently of the constitutions of the independent nations of the Commonwealth) was repealed prior to the birth of Prince George of Cambridge, along with male primogeniture and the 1774 requirement for all descendants of George II to ask the Queen’s permission to marry.

King George I in his Coronation Robes

The succession of the Hanoverian dynasty changed the course of British and Commonwealth constitutional history. That much is certain. It led to the two Jacobite Rebellions and all the associated unpleasantness between England and Scotland. There’s little point in speculating exactly how differently things would have turned out if King James’ son “The Old Pretender” has ascended the throne in place of the George I. Might the old Stewart belief in the Divine Right of Kings have reared its head and caused the downfall of the Monarchy? Or might the dynasty which established British rule over America have been more successful in avoiding the Revolutionary War? The “what ifs” are endless.

What we do know is the the reigns of the first four Georges, William IV and Queen Victoria ushered in the style of constitutional monarchy which we enjoy today. It was an era during which the Sovereign ceased to rule and instead reigned over his/her subjects. And it undoubtedly the flexibility of the Monarchy in Britain and the Commonwealth which has allowed it to survive in an era where Kings and Queens are far outnumbered by Presidents and Dictators.

Loyally Yours,
Barry R. MacKenzie