Since the end of decolonization in the 1960s the number of 
monarchies in the world hasn't changed all that much. While 
the expectation of modernists has been for the slow 
disappearance of monarchy as a government form it has
proven to be surprisingly resilient (to the modernists, if no 
one else). The 20th century saw two restorations; Spain and
Cambodia. Now that we are well into the 21st century the
​question becomes where the first restoration is likely to occur.
Below I have gathered some likely candidates with a short
​look at each.

After the fall of Gaddafi there was
hope that the monarchy might be
restored. However, the UN has
​largely left monarchists out of
the discussion on the country's
future. What makes Libya's
prospects for restoration better
than most is the active advocacy
of both the heir to the throne and
civil society groups within Libya.
Rallies in support of a restored
monarchy have occurred from
time to time. The cause is helped by there being very little
​agreement on an alternative system.

Nepal abolished its monarchy fairly recently and the country
has been in protracted political turmoil ever since. Advocacy
for the monarchy has been largely left to the politicians with
the former king focusing on the religious aspects of his role.
In November of 2023 protests in favour of restoring the
monarchy broke out in the country's capital. These protests
caught everyone by surprise as, unlike previously, these
protests were organized by a grassroots movement. In 2008
​a poll showed the monarchy's support at 49%.

Iran has been at a slow burn for a
while now with periodic protests
over various issues using phrases
supportive of the old monarchy.
Support for the monarchy sits at
around 60% of the population in
Iran. Monarchist groups also abound in the Iranian diaspora
with Prince Reza Pahlavi being a vocal opponent of Iran's
regime. Ultimately, monarchism is held back by the regime's
​ability to do whatever it takes to hold onto power.

A bit of an oddity on this list. Hungary, Croatia, and Austria
all have recent polling showing there are sizable minorities in
favour of restoration.

In 2021 a poll found 46% of Hungarians were in favour of
restoring the monarchy. Hungary is also historically where
the most recent attempt to restore the Habsburg's occurred,
during the inter-war years.

In 2019 a poll found 40% of Croatians would support the
country becoming a monarchy. This is impressive as the
prospective heir to the throne, Karl Habsburg-Lothringian
doesn't advocate for the idea and there ​are no monarchist
parties in the Croatian Parliament.

Compared to the previous two countries, Austria only 
manages 20% support for restoration. This is despite the fact
that the history of Austria largely is the history of the
Habsburgs.

Any list regarding restoration generally includes Georgia. This
is due to the simple fact it has polled highly. In 2013 one poll
put support at 56% while a second showed a staggering 78%
in favour of restoring the monarchy. Georgia's Orthodox 
Patriarch came out in favour of the move. The response from
the political establishment has largely been to suggest it occur
at some point in the future, just not now. Previously there
were concerns about there being different claimants to the
throne. This issue was largely addressed by the birth of Giorgi
Bagrationi in 2011 as he unites in his person the two main
branches of the family. In 2018 his father, Prince David
Bagrationi Mukhrani attended the inauguration of Georgia's
​first female prime minister. He remains active in the country.

There are, of course, other republics with sizable monarchist
movements. But if I had to put my money on restoration it
would be one of these seven candidates.

Loyally Yours,
A Kisaragi Colour

​Our mental image of monarchs tends to be that of a high-
profile individual or someone at the center of attention. While
throughout history this has been the norm for various reasons
monarchs have on occasion traveled incognito among their
subjects. These reasons ranged from security, to fact-finding
missions, to idle amusement. And since these excursions were
meant to be secret it can be difficult sometimes to tell which
stories are true and which are merely myth. Monarchs would
also sometimes use an alias not so much as a disguise but as a
'polite fiction' to avoid forcing the host to perform all the
grand state welcome ceremonies they would have to for a high
status guest. While equally interesting these cases have been
left for a later post. So without further delay let us go through
this list (in no particular order) of the top 10 royals who
traveled incognito.

10. Kangxi & Qianlong
Emperors of China

The Kangxi Emperor was in many ways
one of China's most effective emperors.
Reigning from 1661 to 1722 he would
establish an extended period of stability,
cultural development, and wealth after
years of war and chaos. Less known is
that he also disguised himself as a Han
Chinese merchant on at least one
occasion.

As the story goes the Kangxi Emperor decided to test the
guards assigned to the Great Wall to see if they would let him
into Manchuria (which the Han Chinese were banned from
entering). After several attempts to persuade and bribe the
guards they hit him and shooed him away. Impressed, the
Kangxi Emperor revealed his true identity as he wished to
reward the diligent guards. Unfortunately, the guards were so
horrified that they had unwittingly struck their emperor that
they committed suicide.

The Kangxi Emperor's grandson (the Qianlong Emperor)
would continue the family tradition. Disguised as commoners
him and some servants would slip out of the palace to
discover what the people truly thought of their rulers and
what their concerns were. On one such occasion the disguised
Qianlong Emperor served tea to one of those with him. One
would be expected to kowtow after receiving such an honour
from the emperor. It would also completely blow their cover.
Thinking fast the servant tapped his knuckle on the table with
the middle knuckle slightly extended to represent the head
and shoulders of a person performing the kowtow. This 'finger
kowtow' remains a feature of Chinese Tea Culture to this day.

9. King Charles XI
of Sweden

King Charles XI ruled Sweden
from 1660 to 1697. Charles XI
restored Sweden's finances,
established royal absolutism,
and restructured the military
during his reign. Charles XI
also travelled through his realm extensively and this is likely
what led to the legend of the Gråkappan, The Grey Cloak.

It is said that King Charles XI would wear a grey cloak to hide
his royal uniform as he investigated whether local officials
were corrupt and oppressing the people. If evidence of guilt
was found he would throw off the cloak in a dramatic fashion
revealing his true identity. 

It is interesting to note that in the old Norse mythology the
god Odin would sometimes put on a similar act. It is possible
the king gained inspiration for the idea from the myth. It is
also possible, due to the lack of hard evidence of King Charles
XI actually travelling as the Gråkappan, that the Odin myth
became attached to the king for whatever reason. If this all
sounds somewhat familiar that may be because J.R.R Tolkien
based Gandalf partly on the myths of Odin travelling
incognito.

8. Sultan Alauddin
Riayat Shah of Malacca

The monarchs I have discussed so
far took at least some risks in
going under cover. But the
monarch I'm about to talk about was probably safer under
cover than in his own court. Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah
ruled Malacca from 1477-1488. He faced challenges from his
brother who believed he should be sultan, his two wives who
each fought to have their own sons named heir, and the
Mamak people who were growing in power in relation to the
Malays. 

Despite this the sultan would sometimes go out secretly at
night to check on the well-being of his people. On one such
occasion he even chased after a thief himself. Sultan Alauddin
Riayat Shah had a reputation as a just and fair ruler which
perhaps inspired these secret inspections or perhaps were a
result of them.

Sadly, he is also reported to have died under suspicious
circumstances. It is rumoured that his brother, second wife,
son, brother-in-law, and a couple others all had a hand in his
death. Perhaps he was safer inspecting the streets at night
after all.

7. King Louis XVI of
France

Not all cases of monarchs travelling
incognito were successful. This is
especially true if a monarch was not
used to it. No one believed for a
minute that Peter the Great was
just an ordinary guy and Richard
the Lionhearted of England only
made it half way across Europe
before being recognized. But no
failure at travelling incognito had
such a profound effect on history as when an indecisive King
Louis XVI of France had to try his hand at it.

The French Revolution had several stages with each new stage
being more radical than the last. The king was slowly
becoming a prisoner of the revolution. This was especially
true after he was forcibly moved from the Palace of Versailles
to the Tuileries Palace in Paris. The king had become
increasingly indecisive to the point of paralysis. This left his
queen, Marie Antoinette, to make important decisions on his
behalf.

The escape plan itself was simple enough. At Montmédy
General François Claude de Bouillé had built up a sizable
force loyal to the king. If he could make it there he would have
more room to maneuver politically. To this end the king,
disguised as a valet, and queen, disguised as a governess,
along with the entire immediate royal family joined in on the
flight from Paris at midnight of June 21st, 1791.

Problems developed almost immediately. The king did not
wish for the royal family to travel seperately and thus they
used a large, conspicuous, slow-moving coach pulled by six
horses rather than two smaller, and quicker, coaches. A
postmaster of Sainte-Menehould named Jean-Baptiste Drouet
recognized the king apparently from his portrait on a French
coin. The group were captured in Varennes, only 31 miles
from their goal.

The flight from Paris had been intended to restore royal
authority but its failure destroyed support for king and
monarchy in the capital and hastened the kings journey to the
guillotine.

6. King Juan Carlos I
of Spain

King Juan Carlos I has had an
interesting life. Born in exile
in Italy it initially looked like
he would never be king. But
when Franco restored the
Spanish Monarchy it looked instead like he would have to play
the role of figurehead to whatever strongman succeeded the
dictator. And when Franco named Juan Carlos I as his
successor it looked likely that the young king would continue
the strongman's policies (itself a form of political incognito).
And when the king instead led his country's democratization
it looked like it would all be undone by a military coup. Juan
Carlos I overcame that challenge too. He was crafty and he
survived. He even had time to help out a stranded biker or
two.

King Juan Carlos I has a passion for motorbikes. Moreover,
he likes to ride his bikes while incognito. Admittedly this is
rather easy with the typical motorbike helmet. His frequent
outings has produced stories (or urban legends) of bikers
stranded on lonely back roads being brought canisters of
petrol by their king.

5. King Charles II of
England

As King Louis XVI's example above
shows, monarchs sometimes used
disguises in times of very real peril.
It was the same for King Charles II.
After losing the Battle of Worcester
to the Parliamentarians under
Cromwell in 1651 Charles became a
wanted man. For six weeks the
king made his way across England
on his way to relative safety in Europe. Charles had problems:
at 6'2" tall he literally stood out in a crowd, his clothes were
obviously upper class, and his accent was out of place. Luckily
Charles still had allies. The Catholics especially helped him
move from place to place in secret. Arriving at the White
Ladies Priory in Shropshire he was met by George Pendrell
who disguised Charles as a woodsman giving him a leather
doublet, a pair of green breeches, a jump-coat, an old grey
greasy hat without a lining, and a coarse linen noggen shirt.

Charles at this point still had a sizable group with him but it
was decided that from that point it would be safer to travel
almost alone. While still near the White Ladies Priory a
company of local militia stopped to check if anyone had seen
the fugitive. They were told the king had moved on sometime
before which the soldiers believed. George Pendrell and his
brother Richard taught Charles to speak with the local accent
and how to walk like a labourer.

Charles would later take on another disguise as a servant and
take the alias 'William Jackson'. The whole story reads like a
Hollywood thriller and by rights it should be made into one by
now. The six weeks the future Charles II spent on the run
would have a major effect on his outlook for the rest of his life.

​4. King Matthias Corvinus
of Hungary

King Matthias Corvinus ruled
Hungary with great ability from 1458-
1490. So much so that his reign is
considered by some to be an
Hungarian golden age. His
accomplishments include: reforms to
the administration of justice, the
promotion of talented individuals
regardless of social standing,
patronage of art and science, and a generally successful
military career. He also weakened the power of the barons, a
perennial issue in Medieval Europe. 

These accomplishments cost money which required greatly
increased taxation. The burden of this taxation fell largely on
the peasants. Still, while the peasants were none too happy
about this state of affairs it seems they at least appreciated the
greater access to justice. After his death "Dead is Matthias,
lost is justice" even became a popular saying. 

Like many kings with great accomplishments myths and
legends abound regarding King Matthias Corvinus. It is said
that he traveled among his people in secret to sound out
public opinion. Several notable folktales have the king
undertaking great risks while in disguise. 

One such tale states that during a campaign against the Turks
he visited the enemy's came with a single companion, both
disguised as peasants. For the entire day Matthias sold food
outside the Turkish general's tent. In the evening he returned
to safety. He then wrote a letter to the general to tell him he
had explored the Turkish camp and naming the dishes he
served as proof. The general was greatly unnerved.

Another tale has the king entering Vienna while it was still
under siege to explore the city. While taking a rest the rumour
spread that Matthias was within the walls. The king showed
no sign of alarm and simply walked out of the city. The story
continues that when the Hungarians had taken the city they
set up a statue where he had sat and rested.

Perhaps it is not surprising that Matthias Corvinus is
regarded as one of the 'Sleeping Kings' who will return to
lead his people to new greatness. 

3. Prince Harry of the
United Kingdom

In Medieval times it was considered
desirable for the king and other
important persons to be easily
identifiable. This was because
captured royals and nobles could be
ransomed so it was best not to kill
them. Hiding amongst the masses of
infantry was a good way to get yourself
accidentally killed. The invention of
the firearm slowly changed this
system to the point a royal standing
out on the battlefield was a very, very bad thing.

So when Prince Harry was deployed to Afghanistan in 2007
care was taken to shield his identity. While modern combat
gear hides many identifying features it was also necessary to
hide where exactly the prince was serving. As such both the
British and Canadian authorities placed a media blackout on
Prince Harry's deployment information. This blackout was
not respected by a German newspaper and an Australian
magazine which lead to him being withdrawn from the front
lines. It was revealed later that while deployed he helped
Gurkha troops repel an attack from the Taliban in Helmand
Province.

Prince Harry would return to Afghanistan a few years later as
an Apache helicopter pilot. Since attack helicopters are always
priority targets it was determined Prince Harry's presence
would pose no additional danger to his comrades. Making this
an odd an example of 'anonymously standing out'.

2. Emperor Nero of
Rome

The reign of Emperor Nero is
sometimes read as a teenager with
too much power. This probably does
a disservice to the average teenager
but it is hard to deny Nero behaved
badly. Even if you discount the
pervasive bias his contemporaries
had for him he still cannot be seen in a wholly positive light. It
also makes separating truth from myth about Nero's own
incognito episodes hard to do.

As the story goes Emperor Nero (and friends) would go out
late at night to make catcalls at women and get into fistfights.
One such fistfight left the Emperor with a black eye and when
the man responsible found out what he had done he promptly
committed suicide.

Another story has Nero receiving a severe beating from a
senator for the mistreatment of his wife. The senator likely
knew who he actually was but pretended not to since Nero
would have to admit to what he was doing in order to punish
him. After his beating Nero is said to have had guards follow
him at a distance with orders to intervene if things got out of
hand.

Emperor Nero's late night escapades make more sense when
you consider that for much of his reign those around him
sought to control his actions. These late night trips being a
needed, but unhealthy, release. 

1. Jesus, Christ the King

Going in the complete opposite
direction from Nero we have the final
monarch on this list: Jesus. While the
monarchs on this list have had a mix of
noble and ignoble reasons for going
incognito only one can lay claim to
wanting to save all of humanity.

Jesus consistently told those he healed
and his disciples not to tell people who
he really was (sometimes with limited
success). The reasons were twofold. 1.
It would attract crowds of people
seeking healing. While healing was a
part of his ministry it was secondary to
his preaching of the Kingdom of God.
Large crowds pressing around him
looking for healing but with little
interest in what he had to say would be
counter-productive and limit his ability to travel. After one
such crowd formed Jesus headed out by boat across the Sea of
Galilee. 2. His disciples were not ready yet. And given the
trials they would face in proclaiming his kingdom he needed
the private time to instruct and ready them for their future
task.

Concealing his identity also served another purpose: it
removed complicating factors. If the religious leaders had
come to believe he really was the awaited Messiah they would
not have sought his death. This is a problem as Jesus needed
to die. In this way keeping his identity secret was the easiest
means of accomplishing his mission.

The scripture also includes another instance of Jesus traveling
incognito. After his death and resurrection he appeared to two
of his followers as they were on their way to Emmaus. He
walked with them and discussed God's plan but prevented
them from recognizing him. In this instance Jesus seems to
have wanted to offer encouragement to his followers (who
may have begun to scatter after his execution).

Let's not kid ourselves the past 5-10 years have been very good for the monarchy. The current government has been at, least nominally, monarchist in leanings. It has brought the monarchy to the forefront through frequent Royal Homecomings, restoration of Royal designations to the different branches of the Canadian Armed Forces, and the creation of a Citizenship Guide that now has a greater emphasis on the monarchy and Canada's history. Further, the succession laws have been updated without the entire process becoming a reason to call for a republic. On the judicial front another baseless attack on the Queen's presence in the Citizenship Oath has been defeated just recently. 

This is quite different from 2002 when Deputy Prime Minister John Manley commented that the monarchy should be abolished only days before he served as Her Majesty's minister in attendance. 

It can sometimes be hard to figure out where to go as a movement when things all seem to be going your way. While educating Canadians about their system of government can and will continue it is an open question what 'big' projects should be pursued. This is my attempt to create a list of issues that have either been left unresolved or have been off the radar which monarchists may wish to advocate in favour of.

1. Again send the Queen a shortlist of Governor
General candidate names rather than a single name.
For many years it was customary for the Prime Minister to
send the monarch a shortlist of names for the position of
Governor General. The current process has the Prime 
Minister send a single name to Her Majesty for her to 
approve. The current system is flawed for a couple reasons; it
renders Her Majesty's prerogative in selecting her
representative a mere 'rubber stamp' as well as creating the
impression of the Governor General as being a mere partisan
appointment. Prime Minister Harper partially rectified this
issue by creating the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal
Appointments which is non-partisan and in fact does create a shortlist of names for the Prime Minister. However, the
Prime Minister makes the final selection and still sends the
Queen only one name. In the future it would be nice to see the
Prime Minister take a 'hands off' approach. But since the
current Advisory Committee is still greatly preferable to the
Prime Minister selecting a candidate on his own this idea is of
lower importance.

2. Have civics as a mandatory course in Canadian
high schools. As long as ignorance pervades Canadians'
understanding of their government and constitution the
monarchy will be easy prey for republicans who are able to
use pleasant-sounding, but ultimately empty, arguments in
favour of their ideology. Education is uneven across Canada
due to it being a provincial responsibility so it is impossible to
generalize. However, if the situation across the country
resembles that of Ontario, we are in trouble. Requiring
civics education would also go a long way towards getting
young people engaged with the political system and voting.

3. Again send a brief to the sitting government with
department-by-department recommendations for
full expression of the nation’s monarchical identity.
Back in 1985 the Monarchist League of Canada submitted just
such a brief to the Mulroney government titled Canada’s
Monarchy, Authentic Evolution. With a federal election
approaching this is an ideal time for this effort. The
Conservative Party has been in power for ten years now and
that tends to be when parties in government start running out
of ideas due to the pressures of running a government and
being unable to stop and reflect. A brief with well thought out
recommendations may well be appreciated. If one of the 
opposition parties form the government it will be equally
importance to remind them about the importance of the
monarchy to Canada.

4. Find the hidden monarchists in all the parties in
Canada. The monarchy will be in danger as long as its
support is perceived to be concentrated in one party. It moves
the monarchy towards being a partisan wedge issue. Once
that happens the monarchy's role in uniting Canadians begins to break down. Finding monarchists in all of the parties and
encouraging them to be vocal in supporting Canadian
institutions would go a long way towards securing the
monarchy. This may well involve monarchists with an
interest in seeking political office coming together to support
each other.

5. Have some sort of statement regarding the Queen
be recited before the start of legislature/parliament
business. A recent ruling by the Supreme Court has ended
prayers at the beginning of municipal council meetings as well
as those in legislatures that still have them. This has left 
different levels of government scrambling to figure out what
to replace the traditional prayer with. Currently, the preferred
alternative is a period of silence. This unimaginative option
lacks a key feature the prayers possessed; it called the
elected officials to behave in an honorable manner. Perhaps
the prayers could be replaced with a short statement by the
Queen detailing the quality of behavior she expects her 
legislators to aspire to? Not only does this conform to the
court ruling it would give the monarchy a further symbolic
presence in the legislative branch. 

Let's not rest on our laurels and always be considering the
future of the Maple Crown.

Loyally Yours,
A Kisaragi Colour

To a monarchist the end of a reign is not a solely sad occasion. Far from it. A reign ending is instead the beginning of a new reign and a celebration of all that the previous monarch has done for their country. Going from the distant past into the unknowable future the end of a monarch's reign represents the continuity of life and permanence of the state. However, not all reigns end on such a uplifting note. The following monarchs are my top 10 picks for reigns that ended tragically for themselves, their people, the world, or some combination thereof.

#10 Constantine XI: 
The Fall of Constantinople

For the last two centuries of its
existence the Byzantine Empire had
been a shadow of its former glory.
Territorial losses had left just the
imperial city and the Peloponnese.
With a vigorous Ottoman Empire
completely surrounding it and the
city relying heavily on foreign
merchants for its defence, the empire
was in dire straights. Still,
Constantinople was a tough nut to
crack even when undermanned. However, in 1451 the 19-year-
old Mehmed II became the Ottoman Sultan. He decided he
wanted to conquer the city perhaps due to brashness of youth,
perhaps wanting to secure his reign with a grand
accomplishment, or perhaps realizing further conquests in
Europe would be difficult with the Byzantines to their rear.
Constantine XI Palaiologos was no fool; he began preparing
his defences.

In the winter of 1452 the siege began. The Byzantines had
7000 soldiers. The Ottomans had 50,000-80,000 soldiers. As
was customary Sultan Mehmed II offered to spare the
Emperor's life and allow him to continue ruling from Mistra if
Constantine XI would surrender the city. He sent the
following refusal: 

"To surrender the city to you is beyond my authority or
anyone else's who lives in it, for all of us, after taking the
mutual decision, shall die out of free will without sparing our
lives."

The Emperor took an active part in the city's defence and
helped keep the necessary unity of his army of Genoese,
Venetian & Greek soldiers.

On May 29th, 1453 the city walls were breached. The
Emperor's last recorded words were: "The city is fallen and I
am still alive." He then threw off the ornaments of imperial
office and led his soldiers in a last charge against the
Ottomans.

The end of Constantine XI's reign is tragic as it was the end of
the last vestige of the ancient world. For nearly a thousand
years Byzantium had been a buffer protecting Europe from
invasion. It is also tragic in that Constantine XI Palaiologos is
generally regarded to have been a capable emperor who made
due with what little resources he had. Sometimes, being a
good ruler is just not enough in the face of impossible odds
and that is perhaps the most tragic thing.

#9 Birendra Bir Bikram Shah: 
A Family Tragedy

King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal
came to the throne in January of 1972.
Described as kind and emotional as a
prince. At his coronation the new king
proposed the idea of Nepal being a 'Zone of
Peace' and the acceptance of peace being
the most important aspect of progress. The
king genuinely wanted the people to experience real
democracy and as such he held the 1980 Referendum which
asked the people to choose between multi-party democracy or
a reformed panchayat system. The referendum was won by
the supporters of the panchayat system. Regardless, the vote
was close and restrictions on political activities were loosened.
In response to the the 1990 People's Movement, which
demanded greater political freedom, King Birendra agreed to
give up absolute power and become a constitutional monarch
rather than fight to retain absolute rule.

It looked like King Birendra would successfully shepherd his
people through the transition to democracy (a transition few republics make successfully) and his dynasty would continue
to preside over the small Himalayan kingdom. However, on
June 1st, 2001 Prince Dipendra killed most of the royal family
and then shot himself.

In the aftermath of the massacre Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
Dev became king. Unlike King Birendra, King Gyanendra was
not popular. Worst still, he was widely rumoured of being
involved in the murders due to his absence at the time of the
killings. While eye-witnesses confirmed that it was Prince
Dipendra that had done the shooting it is likely the rumour
did its damage. It is probable that the experienced and
popular King Birendra could have better handled the crises
that gripped Nepal in the 2000s. Nepal today is gripped by
the instability following the overthrow of King Gyanendra and
the declaration of a republic. It appears the groundwork for a
peaceful transfer to democracy that King Birendra laid will go
to waste.

#8 Louis XVI: 
Victim of Republicanism

King Louis XVI succeeded to the
French throne in 1774. He faced a
mounting debt crisis and
unpopularity stemming from his
marriage to Marie Antoinette and a
populous grumbling for tax relief.
Among his initiatives as king was
the Edict of Tolerance which
granted non-Catholics civil and
legal rights in France. Doing so
eased religious tensions and
officially ended religious persecution in his realm. Louis XVI's
efforts to reform the tax system were blocked by the nobles.
Other financial tricks were equally unsuccessful and facing
mounting difficulties Louis XVI decided he had no choice but
to convene the Estates-General in 1789.

Things immediately got out of control. Rather than debating
the kingdom's financial situation the Estates-General debated
over its structure and composition. The Third Estate
eventually separated and formed the National Assembly.

Louis XVI was now stuck in a precarious position. Power had
bled from him to the National Assembly which continued to
become ever more radical. By 1791 he was essentially a
prisoner not even allowed to choose his own clergyman. The
king made the fateful decision to flee with his family.
Unsuccessful, he was hauled back to Paris even more a
prisoner. His attempted flight, vague threats of foreign
invasion, and conspiracy theories connecting the two led to
further radicalization of the National Assembly. On January
21st, 1793 King Louis XVI was beheaded by guillotine as was
Queen Marie Antoinette later that year. Their son, and heir,
Louis-Charles would die in prison at the age of 10.  
 
The murder of King Louis XVI would signal the beginning of a
bloodletting never before seen in France. The tragedy of King
Louis XVI was that of a man who wanted to do good but
simply lacked the ability.

#7 Liliʻuokalani: 
Overthrown by Businessmen

Liliʻuokalani was born on September
2nd, 1838 to High Chief Caesar Kaluaiku
Kapaʻakea and High Chiefess Analea
Keohokālole. She belonged to the second
dynasty to rule the Kingdom of Hawaii
and succeeded her brother King
Kalākaua in 1891. Even before her reign had begun there were
signs of future trouble. King Kalākaua had been forced to sign
the 'Bayonet Constitution' in 1887 under threat of force. The
constitution had three main effects; it limited the monarch's
prerogatives, it disenfranchised many native Hawaiians, and
it greatly empowered the American and European
businessmen of the 'Missionary Party'. 

Upon becoming Queen, Liliʻuokalani began to receive
petitions from her people to restore their rights. To do so she
sought to replace the Bayonet Constitution. The new
constitution would not end up being drafted as the effort to
replace the Bayonet Constitution provoked a response from
the American and European businessmen and residents of the
islands. On January 14, 1893, a group composed of Americans
and Europeans calling themselves the 'Committee of Safety'
deposed the Queen with assistance from US Marines. They
then sought to be annexed by the United States.

The Government of President Grover Cleveland considered
the act illegal and sought to restore Queen Liliʻuokalani to her
throne. However, an uncooperative Congress and the
Committee of Safety formation of an independent republic
thwarted his efforts. The new republic would be admitted as a
protectorate of the United States.

Despite multiple efforts including lawsuits, personal pleas to
successive American administrations, and a counter-
revolution in 1895 the monarchy was not restored. Under
republican governance the Hawaiian language and other
aspects of Hawaiian culture would be suppressed. Today only
0.1% of the population are native speakers of the Hawaiian
language. The Missionary Party would eventually form the
Hawaiian Republican Party and rule the islands uninterupted
until the 1950s.

#6 Frederick III:
What Might Have Been

Emperor Frederick III of
Germany is a study in contrasts;
he was brought up in the midst
of Prussian militarism but was
also a committed liberal, the
hopes of many progressives in
the empire rested with him but
is all but forgotten by them
today, and he had all the passion
in the world to fulfill his duty
but none of the time. The last
point is the one that makes
Frederick III's reign tragic.
Frederick succeeded his
father as emperor in 1888. His father had lived to be 90 and
by the time he wore the crown he had already been diagnosed
with cancer of the larynx. He would reign all of 99 days.

Throughout his life Frederick III has espoused liberal views.
He hated war and believed the state should not act against the
wishes of the people. He also greatly admired Britain's
parliamentary system and wished to curb the power of the
chancellor once he was emperor. His views did not make him
popular with his father nor was he popular with Chancellor
Otto von Bismarck after denouncing him at an official
reception in the city of Danzig for restrictions on freedom of
the press.

However, his short reign meant little lasting reform was
possible. One of his few successes was to force Robert von
Puttkamer to resign as Prussian Minister of the Interior after
it was found he had interfered with a Reichstag election.

Chancellor Bismarck had attempted to undermine Frederick
III during his reign. He felt Frederick III's son Wilhelm II
would support him. But, while Wilhelm II had none of his
father's liberal tendencies he too felt the chancellorship had
become too strong and dismissed Bismarck from service. The
slow unraveling of Bismarck's policies would eventually lead
to the ruination of the German Empire and still later the
ruination of Europe.

#5 Idris I: 
Replaced by a Madman

Like many Arab monarchs Idris I of
Libya arose as a leader in the breakup
of the Ottoman Empire. Idris I spent
much of the inter-war period
advocating for independence for
Libya from Italian rule. By 1922 he
had been recognized as Emir of
Cyrenaica and offered the position of
Emir of Tripolitania. However, a
revolt broke out against Italian authorities in 1928. Idris I was
forced to flee to British-controlled Egypt. He sided with the
British in World War Two and was rewarded afterwards with
the Emirate of Cyrenaica. He was again invited to become
Emir of Tripolitania which he accepted. With the eventual
aquisition of Fezzan he united the three areas of modern
Libya.   

A constitution was adopted in October of 1951. It instituted a
wide range of democratic and civil rights for the Libyan
people. However, the kingdom was poor and local sensitivities
(then as now) had to be taken into account or the risk of civil
strife would be very real. King Idris tried unsuccessfully to
turn the monarchy into a symbol of shared unity.

In 1955 oil was discovered under Libya's barren deserts but
like many other countries in the region the discovery was a
mixed blessing. The oil put the country's finances in order but
it did nothing to grow the middle class. Wealth became
concentrated in the hands of a wealthy few which created
resentment. However, it would not be a popular uprising that
ended the monarchy. The kingdom had its problems but it
was reasonably free. Instead, the end of the monarchy would
result from a plot by some army officers inspired by Gamal
Abdel Nasser of Egypt. Nasser was a proponent of Arab
socialism which blended opposition to imperialism and the
ruling classes with nationalism.

The coup was launched on September 1st, 1969 while the king
was out of the country for medical treatment and was almost
bloodless. The people, especially the youth, initially welcomed
the coup. Perhaps it was this lack of support that convinced
the king not to fight for his throne. It would have been very
easy to tear at the ethnic divisions in the country to try and
regain his power. However, the King had spent much of his
life trying to unite the people and it is not likely he considered
dividing his people in the twilight of his life. Meanwhile a
twelve-member directorate was established in Libya which
replaced the National Assembly. Colonel Gaddafi rose to
prominence within the directorate and suspended the
constitution initiating 40 years of personal, and increasingly
erratic, dictatorship. And when his government was at its end
he would make the choice the old king had refused to make
and initiate a bloody civil war to keep his position.

#4 Asaf Jah VII: 
Independence Denied

Asaf Jah VII became the Nizam
of Hyderabad in 1911. As the
ruler of the single largest, and
wealthiest, princely state of
British India his domain was a
crown jewel of the British
Empire (somewhat literally
given the state's wealth in
diamond mining). He was
recognized as the world's
richest person during his
lifetime and had ten palaces in
Hyderabad that demonstrated
this wealth. However, he, like his predecessors, was also a
prolific builder of public works projects including hospitals,
irrigation networks, court buildings, assembly houses,
schools, and a university. Asaf Jah VII spent about 10% of the
state's annual revenue on education alone.  

While Asaf Jah VII was a Muslim about 86% of Hyderabad's
population were Hindu. Despite this Hyderabad had managed
to largely avoid the violence that sometimes racked the multi-ethnic empire. The plan to partition India into separate
Muslim and Hindu states created a problem: either option
would likely lead to severe upheaval and possible loss of life.
Asaf Jah VII took the third option and maneuvered to become
an independent state (as allowed for under the partition
plan). Hyderabad had managed to keep a high degree of
independence during the British administration and a return
to independence would not be too difficult to achieve.
However, in the waning years of British rule in India forces
largely beyond the Nizam's control would shatter any chance
of peace.

While the Nizam spent a great deal on public works 40% of its
land was owned by the Muslim minority who had a tendency
to be oppressive towards the peasantry (to be fair the Hindu
landlords were equally oppressive towards the peasants). The
result was a communist insurgency starting in 1946 to bring
about land reform. At about the same time Qasim Razvi,
inspired by the cause of Muslim nationalism, formed his own
independent militia called the Razakars in support of Asaf Jah
VII's opposition to Hyderabad being integrated into India.
The Razakars did not fully support the Nizam's independence
policy and were not opposed to joining Pakistan. The Nizam
did not oppose the militia's creation due to violence that had
been breaking out across India between Muslims and Hindus
ahead of the partition. As communist successes mounted the
two groups came into inevitable conflict. Both sides targeted
civilians but it was the actions of the Razakars that proved
most disastrous for the rule of the Nizam. Their targeting of
Hindu civilians gave Hindu-majority India the pretext for an
invasion. In the worsening situation supporters of the
Razakars came to dominate the government while the Nizam
became, in his own words, "completely helpless". India for its
part decided that it could not allow a potentially hostile
country to remain within the Indian interior.

India launched its invasion (which it termed a 'police action')
on September 13th of 1948. Attacking from all sides with
superior numbers the Indian Army quickly defeated the
Hyderabad Army and the Razakars. The Nizam was forced to
hand his country over to India. During the Razakars' reign of
terror it is estimated that between 3000 to 5000 people were
killed. With the change in fortunes of Hyderabad's Hindus a
campaign of revenge was undertaken. Government estimates
(which were not released until 2013) place the number of
murdered Muslims between 27,000 and 40,000. Other
scholars have suggested figures as high as 200,000. In the
end the bloodletting of Hyderabad would be shared by people
on both sides of the partition line but for just a moment there
was perhaps a chance that Hyderabad could have escaped that
fate.

#3 Morinaga: 
Loyalty Unrewarded

Also known as Moriyoshi, Prince
Morinaga was the son of Emperor Go-
Daigo of Japan. Born in 1308 his fate
would be decided both by his father's
ambition and his foolishness. His
father, like most emperors of Japan,
was kept powerless by his nominal
servant, the shogun. Emperor Go-
Daigo was not content with this and
launched a number of operations to
restore imperial power (it is hard to
call these coups when it is the
Emperor doing it).

At the age of 18, Emperor Go-Daigo had Prince Morinaga
named the head abbot of the Enryakuji temple on Mount Hiei.
The temple housed a sect of Buddhist warrior monks near the
capital of Kyoto. This was good strategic planning in advance
of any sort of power play.

In 1331 the Emperor failed at his first (open) attempt to take
power. The prince was forced to flee Enryakuji. He met up
with the loyalist General Kusunoki Masashige in Kii province.
Together the two put up a tenacious defence of the fortress of
Akasaka before being forced to withdraw. Masashige went to
defend Chihaya Fortress while Morinaga rallied troops. The
success of both efforts led to the seige of Kamakura in May of
1333 ending the shogunate for a time.

Restored to power, Emperor Go-Daigo wanted to make sure
the country did not revert to military rule again. However, he
underestimated the need to reward the warriors that had
served him. He refused to appoint General Ashikaga Takauji
as shogun and made the mistake of appointing his sons
Morinaga and Norinaga to the position. The position of
shogun had become de facto hereditary and it is possible Go-
Daigo was setting up a situation where the heir to the throne
would occupy the position of shogun until they succeeded to
the imperial throne. While this made sense if one wants to
ensure civilian rule and ensure the emperor had loyal support,
it offended the warrior class to have a civilian in the position.
He also leveled new taxes on the samurai class, further
estranging the emperor from needed supporters. Too late
Emperor Go-Daigo realized his mistake.

Takauji made false charges that Morinaga was planning to
overthrow his father, and forced the Emperor to hand him
over. The warrior class largely did not support the Emperor by
this point and he was unable to protect his son. Prince
Morinaga was taken to a cave near Kamakura. Morinaga's
prestige and commitment to civilian rule made him a
dangerous symbol. With resistance forming among the other
clans against Takauji keeping the prince alive became a
liability. On July 23rd, 1335 Morinaga was executed. He had
done everything right. He had obeyed his fathers wishes,
fought bravely, restored civilian rule, and he still ended up
dying in a dank hole. In a last act of defiance it is said the
prince leaped at the executioner's blade with his mouth, biting
it in half.

#2 The Yongle Emperor: 
Last Patron of Exploration

Unlike other monarchs on this list an
argument can't really be made that
Zhu Di of China, The Yongle
Emperor, was a good man. He came
to power through armed rebellion,
was notably cruel, and established a
despotic style of government.

That said he also initiated economic,
educational, and military reforms
that benefited the Chinese people. Some have seen his life as
an attempt to gain power, prestige, and glory. Perhaps this is
why he appointed Zheng He as admiral of a great exploration
fleet. This fleet would travel as far as the coast of modern-day
Somolia. There is evidence that Zheng He heard about Europe
during his voyages and some speculation that his voyages may
have taken him even further West.

In August 12th, 1424 The Yongle Emperor died and the
tragedy began. Throughout his reign the Emperor had
supported the street-wise eunuchs over the book-wise
scholars. Both had their faults. The eunuchs were often
capable but also notoriously corrupt. The scholars were well-
educated graduates of the imperial exam system but tended to
be exceedingly reactionary. With the Emperor's death
eunuchs such as Zheng He lost power under his successors.
The great exploration voyages ceased, the navy was neglected,
innovation became frowned upon, and China turned inwards.
What is perhaps most sad is that there is probably very little
the Emperor could have done to stop this development.
Regardless, the end of this reign marked the beginning of
China's long slumber.

#1 Michael I: 
Victim of Communism

Michael I became King of
Romania on July 20th, 1927 at
the age of 6. The interbellum
period was unsettled for most of
Europe and Romania was no
exception. Coming to the throne
as a child necessitated a regency
which included Prince Nicolae
(his uncle), Patriarch Miron
Cristea, and Chief Justice
Gheorghe Buzdugan. His father
Carol had 'temporarily' renounced his rights to the throne in
1925 but was invited back by politicians dissatisfied with the
regency in 1930. The Romanian Parliament proclaimed him
King Carol II. With the growing popularity of the fascist Iron
Guard, Carol II sought first to create his own personality cult
and finally in 1938 to rule as an absolute monarch to thwart
them. 

In September of 1940 Prime Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu
staged a coup d'état against the king. Antonescu suspended
the Constitution, dissolved the Parliament, and re-installed
the 18-year-old Michael as king. While in theory King Michael
I had control of the army and the right to appoint the prime
minister, in practice he was a figurehead. Prime Minister
Marshal Ion Antonescu was an admirer of Hitler's Germany
and brought Romania into World War II on Hitler's side.   

This lasted until 1944 when King Michael I launched his own
coup against Ion Antonescu. Antonescu's government was
deposed and the king sought to join the Allies. The King paid
a price for success in that to do so he had allied with the
communists. Despite any misgivings he may have had his
advisers convinced him it was the only viable option.
However, it would be March of 1945 before political pressure
(internal and external) forced him to appoint a communist
prime minister. Between August of 1945 and January of 1946,
during what has become known as the "royal strike" the king
refused to give royal assent to laws passed by the communist
government. Under pressure from the Americans, British, and
Soviets he was eventually forced to stop blocking communist
legislation or calling for their government's resignation. 

Early on the morning of December 30th, 1947 the king was
summoned by communist Prime Minister Petru Groza.
Arriving at Elisabeta Palace in Bucharest he found it
surrounded by troops loyal to the communists. Unable to call
in troops loyal to him he was threatened by Groza at
gunpoint. Additionally, Groza stated that unless the king
signed an abdication letter immediately he would be obliged
to kill 1000 students in custody. Faced with no way out and
innocent lives on the line the king relented and went into his
long exile. The monarchy was abolished, a people's republic
declared. It is estimated that somewhere between 10-100
thousand died under the communist regime.  

Loyally Yours,
A Kisaragi Colour